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		<title>The struggle for Pinheirinho will remain an ispiration</title>
		<link>http://orangoquango.wordpress.com/2012/01/25/the-struggle-for-pinheirinho-will-remain-an-ispiration/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:14:58 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[(Unedited version of the article published by The Guardian here.) The image spread around the world fast: the residents of the Pinheirinho favela, in São José dos Campos, state of São Paulo, donning helmets and shields and building barricades to &#8230; <a href="http://orangoquango.wordpress.com/2012/01/25/the-struggle-for-pinheirinho-will-remain-an-ispiration/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=orangoquango.wordpress.com&amp;blog=24625653&amp;post=33&amp;subd=orangoquango&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>(Unedited version of the article published by <em>The Guardian</em> <a href="www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/jan/24/brazil-pinheirinho-eviction-inspiration">here</a>.)</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/40926653@N06/6695725269/sizes/l/in/photostream/">image</a> spread around the world fast: the residents of the Pinheirinho <em>favela</em>, in São José dos Campos, state of São Paulo, donning helmets and shields and building barricades to await the enforcement of an eviction order. It undoubtedly played a large role in garnering interest in a case that is not, after all, too exceptional an occurrence in Brazil. Pinheirinho has been squatted for eight years, and no government effort (at the local, state or federal level) was ever made to regularise the area or develop an adequate infrastructure; home to some 1,600 families, roughly 6,000 people, the land belongs to a notorious financial market fraudster, finally arrested in 2008. Spurred by the property development boom that the country is currently going through, the local administration has recently taken an active stance in pursuing the eviction, aided and abetted by judges who seemed to wish to make that happen as quick as possible, despite the obvious dangers and the way in which that would expose an already vulnerable population.</p>
<p>The outcome, though gruesome, is sadly not too exceptional either. After that first image helped make a national issue out of the case, the federal government manifested the intention to intervene by buying up the land and developing it for the squatters. On those grounds, a federal judge stopped the eviction until further notice, only to be quickly overruled by another on, who declared it a state matter; the state judiciary then acted fast, planning the operation with the police before the <em>favelados</em>’ lawyers could react.</p>
<p>The story of what followed is still developing, but for the whole of Sunday, 22/01, social networks were buzzing with war-like scenes and tales of brutality, including a media ban and mobile phone block in the area, and the detention of a federal representative and a senator who attempted to intervene (they later clarified they were not detained, but trying to negotiate). As many as seven deaths, including a small baby’s, have been reported; hospitals in the region are yet to issue a statement on the matter.</p>
<p>It was mostly on Twitter and Facebook, in fact, that one could find information about what was going on. Throughout the day, the corporate media – with historical ties to the party in power at both state and local level, PSDB – reported the story in muted tones and with questionable choices of emphasis: there were headlines about a TV van set on fire, even while pictures emerging from the area showed many people’s <em>houses</em> in flames. Twitter in particular enabled access to individuals reporting on the spot, and #Pinheirinho registered as top trending topic for a couple of hours. (It was then taken off the list by Twitter, only to be brought back on in the face of an immediate reaction from users.)</p>
<p>This is revealing of a crucial phenomenon of the last yen years: whereas in places like Iran and Egypt social media has functioned as a tool against state control of information, in Brazil it has served to bypass a monolithic private media sector, which is under-regulated and highly concentrated – 90% is in the hands of fifteen families, many of which partners. As other means of producing and circulating information became more readily available and a so-called ‘progressive blogosphere’ developed, corporate media, which gave space for the most aggressive opposition to the Lula and Rousseff administrations, began to be more widely perceived as biased and moved by its own economic interests, losing credibility. Interestingly, there are studies that point to the fact that the role of opinion maker in families now tends to be played more by young people, precisely those with greater access to the internet.</p>
<p>The alternative blogs and outlets that sprouted in the last decade were vociferous in their condemnation of the São Paulo state government last Sunday, and rightly so. But one could not help but ask whether some of them could not also be accused of double standards of late.</p>
<p>To be clear, Pinheirinho stands out for the police’s ferociousness and the staggering callousness and authoritarianism demonstrated by the state judiciary and, above all, governor Geraldo Alckmin: it has since transpired that there was a deal according to which the federal administration would come up with a clear proposal concerning the situation in fifteen days if the state government did not pursue the eviction. That deal was reneged on – those who struck it on the federal side only heard about the police action when it was already on course –, and Alckmin continued a sad tradition of violence and intransigence against the poor and social movements. (A recent operation to clear an area where crack users congregated in central São Paulo was heavily criticised; and the city, of course, is also where the Carandiru massacre, in which police killed 111 prisoners in 1992, took place.) Besides, the haste with which the state judges acted suggests either ideological motivation or, more likely, very strong and precise financial interests behind the issue; it also transpires that the judge who followed the operation on site is the brother of another PSDB politician.</p>
<p>Yet the larger picture behind the story is that of the boom of Brazil’s economy today, in which construction and property play a growing role. It was accelerated by the choice of the country as seat of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics; and in many instances it is now PT itself that is in the role of enforcer. A dossier produced by the <a href="http://www.portalpopulardacopa.org/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=198:dossi%C3%AA-nacional-de-viola%C3%A7%C3%B5es-de-direitos-humanos">National Coordination of World Cup Committees</a> estimates that some 170 thousand people around the country will be evicted owing to the sporting event (official numbers have never been announced). This ultimately means state-enforced states of exception that hand public areas, or those occupied by the poor, over to private developers, while residents are removed to farther places with deficient infrastructure, and taxpayers bankroll the whole process. Perhaps the worst case so far has been Rio, where PT, in an alliance with a centre-right party, is in charge of the local authority’s housing department; evictions there have been as authoritarian and unilateral as that of Pinheirinho, if not as spectacularly militarised. By comparison, voices on the left have been much slower in denouncing this.</p>
<p>Beyond the World Cup, however, this can be described as the political impasse of the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/feb/15/brazil-energy">gargantuan developmentalism</a> that characterises the government of Dilma Rousseff: an emphasis on economic growth and quantitative indicators in detriment of old PT rallying points (participation, environment, wealth redistribution); and a gigantism that reinforces the logic of privatisation of profits and socialisation of costs – bringing the government, even as it mobilises old anti-imperialist tropes, closer to big mining, agribusiness and construction interests, and farther from old allies like the MST.</p>
<p>While attacking PSDB’s lack of social sensitivity comes naturally, many on the left have found it hard to articulate a critique of the same processes when they are not carried out by the right. There are stirrings that suggest this may be changing, such as recent protests and campaigns against <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/brazil-faces-tyranny-of-depth-and-darkness-in-drilling-for-deep-sea-oil/2011/12/07/gIQAFjQeeO_story.html">Petrobrás</a> (state oil company) and <a href="http://www.reporterbrasil.org.br/exibe.php?id=1986">Vale do Rio Doce</a> (mining), the building of the <a href="http://www.xinguvivo.org.br/">Belo Monte </a>hydroelectric plant, as well as about the World Cup. They are small signs, so far still somewhat isolated, but might be the start of something. If so, Pinheirinho and the image that first drew attention to it, as shown by a series of demonstrations across the country in the last 72 hours, will no doubt prove itself to be a lesson, an indictment and an inspiration.</p>
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		<title>O outro lado do &#8220;estamos todos juntos nessa&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://orangoquango.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/o-outro-lado-do-estamos-todos-juntos-nessa/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Aug 2011 20:57:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>orangoquango</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Em 2005, fui dos poucos brasileiros, fora a família, a comparecer a uma manifestação e missa em memória de Jean Charles de Menezes, em Londres. Ainda era permitido reunir-se em frente ao Parlamento – hoje não é mais– e, depois &#8230; <a href="http://orangoquango.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/o-outro-lado-do-estamos-todos-juntos-nessa/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=orangoquango.wordpress.com&amp;blog=24625653&amp;post=21&amp;subd=orangoquango&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Em 2005, fui dos poucos brasileiros, fora a família, a comparecer a uma manifestação e missa em memória de Jean Charles de Menezes, em Londres. Ainda era permitido reunir-se em frente ao Parlamento – hoje não é mais– e, depois de rápida vigília, pusemo-nos a andar na direção da Catedral de Westminster, em Victoria. Quando nosso pequeno grupo estava a caminho, uma senhora bem-vestida, que vinha na direção oposta, gritou: “Mas o que vocês querem? No Brasil, a polícia mata rapazes como ele todos os dias!”</p>
<p>A situação surpreendeu-me, também pelo que havia de improvável numa senhora como aquela pondo-se a gritar; sinal do quanto Londres se tornara uma cidade tensa nas semanas que se seguiram aos atentados de julho de 2005. Eu podia, até certo ponto, entender como ela se sentia – um dos aspectos mais insidiosos da <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/15/half-life-of-disaster">política do medo</a> é que, mesmo quando você está racionalmente consciente de como o medo comanda suas reações, ainda assim não consegue racionalizar o modo como se sente. Mas, evidentemente, a frase soou especialmente dolorosa para mim, tanto por parecer indicar o menor valor relativo da vida de um brasileiro (comparada à ameaça sentida contra as vidas de britânicos), como também porque era, em sentido estrito, verdade: qualquer pessoa, no Reino Unido, que seja minimamente informada a respeito do Brasil, já ouviu falar de nossa altíssima desigualdade social, e de como esta se traduz em uma prática policial brutal e altamente desigual.</p>
<p>É óbvio porque esse incidente voltou-me à memória logo que soube dos tumultos em Tottenham no fim de semana passado, dada a fagulha que acendou essa fogueira específica: a polícia ter matado um homem, quase da mesma idade que Menezes, em circunstâncias que  – sobretudo depois de casos recentes, como o de Ian Tomlinson ou Smiley Culture – inevitavelmente parecem suspeitas. Acrescente-se a isso a atual baixa histórica da confiança nas instituições públicas na Inglaterra, sobretudo depois do escândalo dos celulares grampeados por jornalistas, que expôs o modo como uma panelinha determinou décadas de agenda política; que a morte ocorreu numa área com um histórico de abuso policial <a href="http://bat020.posterous.com/interview-with-tottenham-activist-stafford-sc">passado e presente</a>; que os padrões de vida estão em deterioração e que as perspectivas de futuro são cada vez mais sombrias; e que paira sobre todos a sensação de terem caído num &#8220;conto do vigário&#8221;, quando os impactos da crise parecem tão desproporcionalmente distribuídos, e “estar todos juntos nessa” parece significar coisas muito diferentes para os ricos e para os pobres. Com toda a sabedoria que nos é dada pelas coisas que já aconteceram, seria tentador dizer hoje que algo do tipo não tardaria em passar.</p>
<p>Em 1625, Francis Bacon publicou uma <a href="http://www.authorama.com/essays-of-francis-bacon-16.html">análise dos levantes</a> (“<em>sedições</em>”), na qual distinguia entre causas materiais – o material inflamável – e causas ocasionais – os eventos contingentes que agem como fagulha. Há dois tipos de causas materiais: um grau de privação que se torna insuportável; e o descontentamento, que pode existir mesmo sem privação. Causa ocasional pode ser qualquer uma de várias fagulhas potenciais que, caindo sobre a matéria combustível existente, leve os indivíduos a “unir-se na injúria”. Se um governo deseja evitar levantes, conclui Bacon, não faz sentido concentrar-se nas causas ocasionais, que são relativamente imprevisíveis. É aos sentimentos de privação, de desempoderamento, de descontentamento que deve dar atenção; pois é só quando esses estão presentes que alguma coisa pode operar como o catalisador que une elementos que, até então, permaneciam relativamente dissociados, levando os que deles padecem ao ponto onde decidem agir – para mostrar, coletivamente, que “agora chega”.</p>
<p>Mas nem a existência de sofrimentos e injúrias, nem a ocorrência de uma “última gota” bastam para fazer agir um indivíduo ou uma multidão. Quando alguém escolhe correr o risco de cruzar uma fronteira em busca de vida melhor, quando alguém joga um tijolo contra uma vidraça, ou quando uma multidão decide enfrentar uma barreira policial, sempre há alguma coisa que não pode ser reduzida a quaisquer das causas, materiais ou ocasionais, pré-existentes. Enquanto as causas materiais podem ir-se acumulando ao longo de muito tempo, essa ‘alguma coisa’ é apenas um instante, o menor dos suplementos, mas sem ela nada acontece. Ao longo dos séculos, muita gente observou que o surpreendente não era que os levantes acontecessem, mas que não acontecessem com mais frquência. Com certeza, as razões pelas quais o <em>Ancien Régime</em> na França, Ben Ali na Tunísia ou Mubark no Egito foram derrubados não brotaram da noite para o dia; assim sendo, por que as pessoas demoraram tanto a agir – e por que, então, agiram quando agiram? É esse pequeno excesso subjetivo, que se sobrepõe às causas objetivas, que é sempre impossível de localizar.</p>
<p>À medida que a imagem do que aconteceu na Inglaterra nos últimos dias vai-se tornando mais clara, talvez possa-se usar esse excesso subjetivo como critério para fazer distinções entre o aconteceu aqui ou acolá. Uma coisa é ser motivado pela urgência de manifestar, por quaisquer meios necessários (<a href="http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/07/7292281-the-sad-truth-behind-london-riot?fb_ref=.TkANzuKuFIa.like&amp;fb_source=home_multiline">e muitas vezes pelos únicos meios pelos quais se fazer ouvir</a>), anos e anos de raiva, frustrações, humilhações acumuladas. Outra coisa é, de repente, perder o medo, porque se descobre que, se o grupo for suficientemente grande, você <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/09/hackney-riots-police-east-london">finalmente vai poder se vingar da polícia, pelo menos uma vez</a>. É outra coisa, ainda, calcular que uma força policial assoberbada e uma vitrine de loja quebrada são boa oportunidade para adquirir algumas coisas de graça. Independente de o quanto essas linhas possam ser ou venham a ser demarcadas, há três lições claras a aprender.</p>
<p>A primeira é que é um absurdo completo dizer que os tumultos de Londres nada tem a ver com política. Sem dúvida, muitos dos que participaram deles talvez não estivessem &#8220;pensando em política&#8221; enquanto agiam; e foi particularmente triste ver moradores dos bairros que tiveram suas vidas ameaçadas, suas casas e negócios destruídos, quando eles pertencem às mesmas comunidades e padecem <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G18EmYGGpYI">dos mesmos males sociais que afligem os manifestantes</a>. Mas não se pode confundir motivação subjetiva com causas materiais e ocasionais– as quais, como Bacon sabia, são de natureza eminentemente política. Não se trata de simples anomalia estatística que jamais alguém tenha visto banqueiros saqueando uma loja; tampouco sua refinada educação ou gosto sofisticado podem explicar isso. É óbvio que o fato de os saqueadores sempre serem os mais pobres diz algo sobre a distribuição da riqueza e das oportunidades numa sociedade. E no atual clima na Inglaterra, depois dos &#8220;resgates&#8221; aos bancos e do escândalo Murdoch/<em>News of the World</em>,  talvez também demonstre que mais e mais pessoas começam a suspeitar que os banqueiros têm, de fato, acesso a meios mais eficientes, sancionados pelo estado, de saquear os outros. Isso quer dizer que fazer do plano de &#8220;austeridade&#8221; da coalizão Conservadores/LibDem a causa material e ocasional do que se viu em Londres é contar apenas metade da história. É preciso olhar para atrás, para décadas de exploração e desempoderamento, inclusive para o sentimento de que não faz diferença qual partido esteja no poder, será sempre apenas uma uma pequena fração da sociedade que terá seus interesses politicamente representados.</p>
<p>A segunda lição é a seguinte: os tumultos são o outro lado da moeda do “nós estamos juntos nessa&#8221;. Não só porque, como se viu na Grécia e na Espanha, há um limite para o que se pode esperar que as pessoas aceitem antes que elas decidam que “agora chega”. Mas, também, porque uma sociedade que vê crescer a desigualdade e nada faz a respeito é uma sociedade na qual, fatalmente, coisas assim ocorrerão.</p>
<p>Há um &#8220;contrato social&#8221; perverso que se vê em cidades como Rio de Janeiro, Joanesburgo ou Cidade do México – onde uma pequena elite troca seu acesso desproporcional a riqueza, oportunidades e representação política, pela vida em condomínios, o gasto de fortunas em segurança e o medo. A mais clara ilustração disso talvez venha daqueles pontos nas favelas da Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro que se tornaram áreas militarizadas nas quais o estado brasileiro não entra. Olhando do alto as áreas mais ricas da cidade, das quais estão muito perto, elas parecem dizer: &#8220;podemos não ter bem-estar, podemos não ter voz na política, mas estamos aqui. Olhem por cima do ombro e vocês verão: estamos juntos nessa&#8221;.</p>
<p>Claro, os problemas sociais na Europa estão longe desse nível. Mas o importante aqui é ressaltar que aceitar a desigualdade é um pacto mefistofélico: entra-se numa espiral em que se troca o acesso ao consumo e ao privilégio (mesmo que seja o duvidoso privilégio de poder pagar por serviços de segurança) por direitos: o direito de andar livremente sem medo, o direito de usufruir de bons serviços públicos etc. Você pode ter um carro do ano, mas se seu carro for roubado ou quebrar, porque a cidade foi inundada, o transporte público será ruim ou perigoso demais para que você possa usá-lo. Você pode ter sapatos ridiculamente caros, mas alguém, um dia, pode decidir tirá-los de você. Saques e criminalidade são, na verdade, o outro lado daquela espiral; aquilo que a compensa, como uma espécie de mecanismo &#8220;não-oficial&#8221; (ainda que ineficaz) de redistribuição de riqueza. Acabem com a infraestrutura e com os serviços comuns, substituam-nos por consumo, e os que não podem consumir, mas são diariamente chamados a fazê-lo, consumirão &#8220;por outros meios&#8221;.</p>
<p>Não resolvam essas questões, e elas criarão raízes. Veja-se, por exemplo, o controle territorial que hoje têm os cartéis de droga em várias regiões do México; ou como o Primeiro Comando da Capital conseguiu paralisar São Paulo duas vezes (nem tão diferente do que se viu em Londres nos últimos dias). E nenhuma força policial, por mais de ferro que seja sua mão, consegue interromper essa dinâmica. Os lugares onde a disparidade social é maior tendem a ser aqueles em que as polícias são, mais claramente, um instrumento brutal de proteção dos ricos contra os pobres, e, ainda assim, estão entre os mais violentos do mundo. O fato de serem um inferno para os pobres não faz deles um paraíso para os ricos.  Talvez os super-ricos – os que, nessas cidades, sobrevoam as ruas em seus helicópteros – nada vejam. Todos os demais entram, com mais ou com menos, na &#8220;vaquinha&#8221; para pagar o preço desse pacto.</p>
<p>No final das contas, então, os &#8220;baderneiros&#8221; da Inglaterra não precisam estar &#8220;pensando em política&#8221; para que a mensagem que enviam seja política. Pois a última lição a ser tirada aqui nada tem de diferente daquela de protestos &#8220;explicitamente&#8221; políticos, na Grécia, Espanha ou Israel: o fosso que separa ricos e pobres aumenta dia a dia, e a grande maioria se sente cada vez mais passada para trás. Se não se quer deixar que as coisas fiquem ainda mais feias, a hora para mudar de rumo é agora.</p>
<p>Quando a Espanha conquistou a Copa do Mundo de futebol, <em>Barcelona</em>, uma publicação argentina sarcasticamente batizada em homenagem ao destino preferido dos migrantes daquele país, celebrou a conquista com uma capa gozadora: &#8220;Crise, desemprego, miséria, fim do estado de bem-estar, rendição ao FMI e sucesso nos esportes: as nações mais pobres do mundo saúdam os espanhóis – <a href="http://bcarcelona.blogspot.com/2010/08/bienvenidos-al-tercer-mundo.html">Bem-vindos ao Terceiro Mundo</a>!”. Além de ser uma ótima piada, a manchete faz uma observação pertinente: por que aquilo que é cristalino para as pessoas do Norte global, quando elas estão falando do Sul, parece tão difícil de entender quando acontece &#8220;na sua casa&#8221;? Pergunte a qualquer cidadão britânico medianamente informado sobre a violência no Brasil, e é provável que ele responda algo sobre a distribuição desigual da riqueza, a falta de oportunidades, ou mesmo sobre como o tráfico chega a locais onde o estado nunca entrou, como alguns adolescentes veem uma arma como instrumento para que sintam-se valorizados e respeitados,como a polícia piora tudo, porque é vista como corrupta e preconceituosa, e de como o sistema político basicamente reproduz essa situação. E no entanto, agora mesmo, posso imaginar aquela senhora que vi em Victoria. &#8220;Por que eu deveria escutar o que você diz?&#8221;, ela pergunta. &#8220;O seu país tem problemas sociais muito maiores que o meu.&#8221;</p>
<p>Tem razão, minha senhora. É exatamente por isso.</p>
<p><em>tradução: Vila Vudu</em></p>
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		<title>The other side of ‘we’re all in it together’</title>
		<link>http://orangoquango.wordpress.com/2011/08/10/the-other-side-of-%e2%80%98we%e2%80%99re-all-in-it-together%e2%80%99/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2011 20:22:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>orangoquango</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Back in 2005, I was one of the few Brazilians, apart from the family, that attended a demonstration and mass in memory of Jean Charles de Menezes. That was still in the days when it was legal to gather outside &#8230; <a href="http://orangoquango.wordpress.com/2011/08/10/the-other-side-of-%e2%80%98we%e2%80%99re-all-in-it-together%e2%80%99/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=orangoquango.wordpress.com&amp;blog=24625653&amp;post=8&amp;subd=orangoquango&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Back in 2005, I was one of the few Brazilians, apart from the family, that attended a demonstration and mass in memory of Jean Charles de Menezes. That was still in the days when it was legal to gather outside the Houses of Parliament, and after a short vigil there, people walked to the Westminster Cathedral in Victoria, were the mass was held. As the smallish crowd moved, a well-dressed lady walking in the opposite direction shouted at us: ‘What are you on about? Police kill boys like him everyday in Brazil!’. The situation stunned me, not least because of how unlikely a heckler she looked; it showed what a tense place London had become, shortly in the wake of the 7/7 bombings. To some extent, I could understand how she felt – one of the most insidious aspects of the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/15/half-life-of-disaster">politics of fear</a> is that, even when you are rationally aware of how fear is guiding your reactions, you still cannot rationalise it away. But, obviously, what she said was especially hurtful, both because it sounded very much like a statement about the low relative value of a Brazilian life (compared to the sensed threat against British ones), and because it was, strictly speaking, true: anybody in the UK who is minimally informed about Brazil will have heard about its huge social inequality, and how that translates in hugely unequal, brutal policing.</p>
<p>It is obvious why I recalled that incident as soon as I heard about the Tottenham riots last weekend, given what the spark was that lit this particular fuse: the police killing a man, roughly the same age as Menezes, under circumstances that – especially after recent cases like Ian Tomlinson’s or Smiley Culture’s – cannot but sound suspicious. Add to that an all-time low in confidence in public institutions, particularly after the phone hacking scandal that exposed the way in which a tiny clique set decades of political agenda; an area that has known its fair share of police abuse in the <a href="http://bat020.posterous.com/interview-with-tottenham-activist-stafford-sc">past and present</a>; deteriorating standards of living and future prospects that are ever darker; and a widespread feeling of having been sold short, when the impacts of the crisis seem so disproportionately distributed, and ‘being in it together’ seems to mean very different things for the rich and the poor. With all the wisdom afforded by things that have already happened, it would be tempting to say now that an outbreak like this would not be long in coming.</p>
<p>In 1625, Francis Bacon published an analysis of uprisings (“seditions”), in which he distinguished between their material causes – the inflammable material – and occasional ones – the contingent events that act as sparks. Material causes are of two kinds: a certain level of deprivation that becomes unbearable, and discontent, which may exist without the first. The occasional ones could be any of a number of potential flames that, falling on the existing combustible matter, cause individuals to ‘unite in injury’. If a government wants to prevent seditions, he concludes, there is no point in focusing on occasional causes, which are relatively unpredictable. It is those feelings of deprivation, disenfranchisement and discontent that must be addressed; for it is only when the latter are present that something can act as a catalyst for what until then were relatively dissociated elements, and push those suffering them beyond a threshold where they decide to act – to collectively manifest that “enough is enough”.</p>
<p>Still, neither just the existence of grievances nor the presence of a “final straw” suffice to make an individual or a crowd take action. In the moment when someone takes their chances crossing a border to look for a better life, when a person throws a brick through a window, or a crowd decides to face down a police line, there is always something that cannot be reduced to whatever causes, material or occasional, were there before. While the latter can build up over a long time, this ‘something’ is no more than an instant, the tiniest of supplements, but without which nothing would happen. For centuries, people have remarked that the surprising thing was not that revolts happened, but that they did not happen more often; surely the reasons why the <em>Ancien Régime</em> in France, Ben Ali in Tunisia or Mubark in Egypt were toppled did not come about overnight, so why did people put up for so long – and why did it then happen when it did? It is this little subjective excess over objective causes that is always impossible to pin down.</p>
<p>As the image of what took place over these days becomes clearer, it may be possible to use this subjective excess as a criterion to draw distinctions between what happened here and there. It is one thing to be motivated by the urge to express, by any means necessary (<a href="http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/07/7292281-the-sad-truth-behind-london-riot?fb_ref=.TkANzuKuFIa.like&amp;fb_source=home_multiline">and often the only ones that will get you heard</a>), years of pent-up rage, frustration, humiliation. It is another to suddenly lose your fear because you have realised that, in a large enough number, you will be able to <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/09/hackney-riots-police-east-london">get one back on the cops</a> for once. It is yet another to calculate that police forces stretched thin and a broken shop window offer a good opportunity to acquire some gear free of charge. Regardless of how exactly these lines can or will be drawn, however, three lessons seem clear.</p>
<p>The first is that it is simply absurd to say that the riots have nothing to do with politics. Sure enough, many of those who engaged in them may not have had politics on their minds as they did; and it is especially saddening to see all the local people who had their lives threatened and their livelihoods destroyed, when they <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G18EmYGGpYI">belong to the same communities and suffer from the same social ills as the rioters</a>. But subjective motivation cannot be mistaken for material and occasional causes, which are, as Bacon knew, evidently political in nature. It is not simply a statistical anomaly that no-one has ever seen bankers loot a shop; neither is it down to their superior education, or refined taste. It is obvious that the fact that it is always the poorest who do it says something about the distribution of wealth and opportunities in a society – and in the present, <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/04/neoliberalism-zombie-action-phone-hacking">post-bailout, post-NoW</a> climate, probably also demonstrates that more and more people suspect that bankers effectively have access to much more efficient, state-sanctioned ways of looting. That this is the case means that to ascribe the material and occasional causes of what has happened to the coalition’s austerity plan alone is to tell only half the story – we have to look back at decades of disenfranchisement, including the feeling that it makes no difference what party is in power, it will always be only a tiny fraction of society that has its interests politically represented.</p>
<p>The second lesson is: these riots are the other side of ‘we’re all in it together’. Not just because, as places like Greece and Spain have recently demonstrated, there is only so much that people can give, and that they can be expected to take, before they decide that enough is enough. But also because a society that sees inequality grow and does nothing about it is one where events like these are bound to happen.</p>
<p>There is a perverse ‘social contract’ that can be found in places like Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, or Mexico City – where a small elite swap their disproportionate access to wealth, opportunities and political representation for living within gated communities, spending fortunes in security, being afraid. Its best illustration may well come from those parts of <em>favelas</em> in the South Side of Rio that have become militarised no-go zones for the Brazilian state; overlooking, in close proximity, the richest areas in town, they seem to say: ‘we may have no welfare, we may have no political voice, but we’re still here. Look over your shoulder – <em>we’re</em> <em>in it together</em>’.</p>
<p>Of course, social problems in Europe are far from that level. But the point here is that accepting inequality is a Faustian pact: ultimately, one buys into a spiraling trade-off between consumption and privilege – even if that is the dubious privilege of security services – and rights – the right to move freely without fear, the right to good public services etc. You can have a shiny new car, but if one day it is stolen, or breaks down because the city has flooded, public transport will be either too bad or too dangerous for you to use. You can have ridiculously expensive shoes, but someone, some day, may decide to take them from you at gunpoint. Looting and theft are, in fact, just another side of this trade-off; what compensates it, like a sort of ‘unofficial’ (if inefficient) wealth redistribution mechanism. Roll back shared infrastructure and services and replace them with consumption, and those who cannot consume but are constantly enjoined to do so will acquire goods by ‘other means&#8217;.</p>
<p>Do not address these issues, and they take root: see, for example, the territorial control exercised by drug cartels in parts of Mexico, or how São Paulo’s <em>Primeiro Comando da Capital</em> (First Commando of the Capital) has managed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeiro_Comando_da_Capital">shut down the city twice</a> (not unlike what happened in London in the last few days). And no amount of heavy-handed policing can stop this dynamic. Places where social disparity is the highest tend to be those where the police is most clearly a brutal instrument to protect the rich from the poor, and <em>still</em> are among the most violent. Being hell for the poor does not make it paradise for the rich. Or maybe the super rich – like those who, in places like these, move about in their helicopters – will not notice the difference. Everyone else, however, will somehow chip in to pay the price of this pact.</p>
<p>Ultimately, then, the UK rioters need not have been &#8216;thinking politics&#8217; to send a political message; for the final lesson to be drawn is no different from that coming from the &#8216;explicitly&#8217; political protests in Greece, Spain or Israel: the gap between rich and poor is getting bigger and bigger, and the vast majority feel more and more cheated. If things are not to get uglier, the time to change course is now.</p>
<p>When Spain won the World Cup, <em>Barcelona</em>, an Argentinean publication sarcastically named after the favoured destination of that country&#8217;s migrants, celebrated it with a tongue-in-cheek cover: ‘Crisis, unemployment, poverty, the end of welfare, submission to the IMF and sporting success: the poor countries of the world salute the Spanish – <a href="http://bcarcelona.blogspot.com/2010/08/bienvenidos-al-tercer-mundo.html">Welcome to the Third World</a>!’. Apart from being a brilliant joke, the headline made an excellent point: why is it that what is crystal clear for people in the global North when talking about the global South seems so difficult to process when it happens ‘at home’? Ask any relatively well-informed British citizen about violence in Brazil, and they are likely to tell you something about unequal wealth distribution, lack of opportunities, or even how the drug traffic goes to places where the state has never been, how many young men see carrying a gun as the only way to earn a sense of worth and respect, how the police make matters worse by being widely perceived as corrupt and prejudiced, and how the political system mostly reproduces this situation. And yet, right now, I can imagine that lady I saw in Victoria. ‘Why should I listen to you?&#8217;, she is saying. &#8216;Your country has much greater social problems than mine.’</p>
<p>Well, yes, madam. That is exactly why.</p>
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